September 03, 2014
The NASA and European Space Agency Cassini mission has revealed hundreds of lakes and seas spread across the north polar region of Saturn's moon Titan. These lakes are filled not with water but with hydrocarbons, a form of organic compound that is also found naturally on Earth and includes methane. The vast majority of liquid in Titan's lakes is thought to be replenished by rainfall from clouds in the moon's atmosphere. But how liquids move and cycle through Titan's crust and atmosphere is still relatively unknown.

A recent study led by Olivier Mousis, a Cassini research associate at the University of Franche-Comté, France, examined how Titan's methane rainfall would interact with icy materials within underground reservoirs. They found that the formation of materials called clathrates changes the chemical composition of the rainfall runoff that charges these hydrocarbon "aquifers." This process leads to the formation of reservoirs of propane and ethane that may feed into some rivers and lakes.

"We knew that a significant fraction of the lakes on Titan's surface might possibly be connected with hidden bodies of liquid beneath Titan's crust, but we just didn't know how they would interact," said Mousis. "Now, we have a better idea of what these hidden lakes or oceans could be like."

Mousis and colleagues at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, modeled how a subsurface reservoir of liquid hydrocarbons would diffuse, or spread, through Titan's porous, icy crust. They found that, at the bottom of the original reservoir, which contains methane from rainfall, a second reservoir would slowly form. This secondary reservoir would be composed of clathrates.

Clathrates are compounds in which water forms a crystal structure with small cages that trap other substances like methane and ethane. Clathrates that contain methane are found on Earth in some polar and ocean sediments. On Titan, the surface pressure and temperature should allow clathrates to form when liquid hydrocarbons come into contact with water ice, which is a major component of the moon's crust. These clathrate layers could remain stable as far down as several miles below Titan's surface.

One of the peculiar properties of clathrates is that they trap and split molecules into a mix of liquid and solid phases, in a process called fractionation. Titan's subsurface clathrate reservoirs would interact with and fractionate the liquid methane from the original underground hydrocarbon lake, slowly changing its composition. Eventually the original methane aquifer would be turned into a propane or ethane aquifer.

"Our study shows that the composition of Titan's underground liquid reservoirs can change significantly through their interaction with the icy subsurface, provided the reservoirs are cut off from the atmosphere for some period of time," said Mathieu Choukroun of JPL, one of three co-authors of the study with Mousis.

Importantly, the chemical transformations taking place underground would affect Titan's surface. Lakes and rivers fed by springs from propane or ethane subsurface reservoirs would show the same kind of composition, whereas those fed by rainfall would be different and contain a significant fraction of methane. This means researchers could examine the composition of Titan's surface lakes to learn something about what is happening deep underground, said Mousis.

The results are published in the Sept. 1, 2014, printed issue of the journal Icarus. The research was funded by the French Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) and NASA.

The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency, and the Italian Space Agency. The mission is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. The California Institute of Technology in Pasadena manages JPL for NASA.

-TITANIC MOON
Saturn’s largest moon Titan is the second largest moon in the solar system. It is bigger than planet Mercury.

- WAY OUT THERE
Titan orbits Saturn, which orbits the Sun at a distance of about 886 million miles (1.4 billion kilometers), about 10 times farther from the Sun than Earth orbits.

-SLOW SUNRISE
The same side of Titan always faces Saturn, so Titan takes 16 days to orbit Saturn and to rotate once.

-ROCK-HARD ICE
Titan is an icy moon with a surface of rock-hard water ice, but Titan also likely has a liquid water ocean beneath its surface.

- RARE AIR
Titan is the only moon in the solar system known to have a substantial atmosphere, which is mostly nitrogen like Earth’s.

-ORBITING SOLO
Titan has no known moon, but it’s possible for a moon to have moons.

-RING-LESS
Titan has no rings, but some of Saturn’s moons may have had rings in the past, while some of Saturn’s moons create rings around the planet.

-PASSERSBY AND ONE LONG-TERM GUEST
Three other spacecraft—Pioneer 11, and Voyagers 1 and 2—studied Titan while flying by Saturn. But Cassini flew close by Titan 127 times while in Saturn orbit for 13 years.

-POTENTIALLY HABITABLE
Titan’s subsurface ocean might be a place where life as we know it could exist, while its surface lakes and seas of liquid hydrocarbons might be places to look for life as we don’t know it.

COME TAKE A STROLL
Titan’s air is dense enough that you could walk around without a spacesuit. But you’d need an oxygen mask and protection from the bitter cold.