Anatoly Solovyev
(Third Space Flight) 
Sergei Avdeyev
(First Space Flight) Flight Engineer
Michel Tognini
(First Space Flight) Research
Backup Crew: Commander:  Nil                                                                                     
Soyuz TM-15 - 15th expedition to Mir. Included astronaut Michel Togninifrom France.

Michel Tognini, passenger aboard Soyuz- TM 15, was the third Frenchman to visit a space station. He conducted ten experiments using 300 kg of equipment delivered by Progress-M flights. Tognini spent 2 weeks in space as part of ongoing space cooperation between Russia and France.







Command Pilot:












   


    





Soyuz 71 TM-15





 









 









     
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Soyuz TM-15

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During the French Mir Antares mission, which lasted two weeks, eleven experiments in the fields of biomedicine, physics and technology have been carried out. ORTHOSTATISME concerned the study of blood pressure and cardiovascular regulation, and with the distribution of blood flow in zero gravity. Similarly, the effects on hormones were studied. In the experiment ILLUSION the adaptation of the sensory organs to the space environment was investigated. In NAUSICAA 1 the composition and strength of the radiation field surrounding the astronauts were measured. Further experiments were concerned with the life of cells and effects on the immune system. Crystal growth, the effect of cosmic radiation on electronic components and the behavior of fluids in microgravity were further objects of investigation.

Progress M-14 arrived at the station on August 14, 1992. The modified Progress-M spacecraft docked at the Kvant port. In place of a tanker compartment, it carried a 700-kg VDU thruster unit designed to be installed atop the Sofora girder mounted on Kvant. The VDU was mounted externally on a special structure between the cargo module and the service module, replacing the OKD fuel section present on normal Progress vehicles. The unit was designed to improve Mir's attitude control capabilities. Commands from the TsUP automatically unloaded the VDU unit on September 02, 1992.

Disagreements between Russia and the Ukraine about the Black-sea fleet, the Crimea, monetary matters and the former Soviet army on Ukraine's territory for a long time threatened the functioning of the tracking station Yevpatoriya and other radio stations. Half a year ago Yevpatoriya almost had to cease operations due to lack of money. The French government subsidized the station on request of French astronomers who feared that they would lose the input of the satellite Granat, carrying French experiments under control of Yevpatoriya. During recent EVA's now and then communications between Mir and TsUP were interrupted. As of September 21, 1992, no traffic could be heard on 143.625 mc. This traffic came back on September 29, 1992. Thus far there has been no telemetry on 166 and 165 mc, so possibly the Russians now use a temporary facility on Russian territory.

The cosmonauts released the 16.5-kg MAK-2 satellite from the Mir base block's experiment airlock on November 20, 1992. Its purpose was to study Earth's ionosphere. The derelict 550-kg Kosmos 1508 satellite, launched by the Soviet Union in 1983, passed within 300 m of Mir on November 08, 1992.

On January 26, 1993 Soyuz TM-16 arrived and created a unique Mir configuration when it docked with the lateral APAS-89 docking unit on Kristall. This tested the unit for future operations. Mir-13 mission Commander Gennadi Manakov was paying his second visit to Mir. Aleksandr Poleshchuk was on his first mission. On January 28, 1993 the cosmonauts carried out Rezonans tests on the Mir complex, which at this time weighed more than 90 tons (its heaviest ever) and included seven separately launched spacecraft.

The Mir-12 crew of Sergei Avdeyev and Anatoli Soloviyov returned to Earth on February 01, 1993. The Soyuz TM-15 descent module lowered to Earth beneath low clouds, touched down, and rolled partway down a hillock. It came to rest 150 m from a frozen marsh.