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Properties of Metals - Metallurgy
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Chlorine
Atomic Number: 17
Symbol: Cl
Atomic Weight: 35.4527
Discovery: Carl Wilhelm Scheele 1774 (Sweden)
Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p5
Word Origin: Greek: chloros: greenish-yellow
Properties: Chlorine has a melting point of -100.98°C, boiling point of -34.6°C, density of 3.214 g/l, specific gravity of 1.56 (-33.6°C), with a valence of 1, 3, 5, or 7. Chlorine is a member of the halogen group of elements and directly combines with almost all of the other elements. Chlorine gas is a greenish yellow. Chlorine figures prominently in many organic chemistry reactions, particularly in substitutions with hydrogen. The gas acts as an irritant for respiratory and other mucous membranes. The liquid form will burn the skin. Humans can smell as low an amount as 3.5 ppm. A few breaths at a concentration of 1000 ppm is usually fatal.
Uses: Chlorine is used in many everyday products. It is used for disinfecting drinking water. Chlorine is used in the production of textiles, paper products, dyes, petroleum products, medicines, insecticides, disinfectants, foods, solvents, plastics, paints, and many other products. The element is used to manufacture chlorates, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and in the extraction of bromine. Chlorine has been used as a chemical warfare agent.
Sources: In nature, chlorine is only found in the combined state, most commonly with sodium as NaCl and in carnallite (KMgCl3•6H2O) and sylvite (KCl). The element is obtained from chlorides by electrolysis or via the action of oxidizing agents.
Element Classification: Halogen
Density (g/cc): 1.56 (@ -33.6°C)
Melting Point (K): 172.2
Boiling Point (K): 238.6
Appearance: greenish-yellow, irritating gas
Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 18.7
Covalent Radius (pm): 99
Ionic Radius: 27 (+7e) 181 (-1e)
Specific Heat (@20°C J/g mol): 0.477 (Cl-Cl)
Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 6.41 (Cl-Cl)
Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 20.41 (Cl-Cl)
Pauling Negativity Number: 3.16
First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 1254.9
Oxidation States: 7, 5, 3, 1, -1
Lattice Structure: Orthorhombic
Lattice Constant (Å): 6.240
References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics (18th Ed.)
Atomic Number: 17
Symbol: Cl
Atomic Weight: 35.4527
Discovery: Carl Wilhelm Scheele 1774 (Sweden)
Electron Configuration: [Ne] 3s2 3p5
Word Origin: Greek: chloros: greenish-yellow
Properties: Chlorine has a melting point of -100.98°C, boiling point of -34.6°C, density of 3.214 g/l, specific gravity of 1.56 (-33.6°C), with a valence of 1, 3, 5, or 7. Chlorine is a member of the halogen group of elements and directly combines with almost all of the other elements. Chlorine gas is a greenish yellow. Chlorine figures prominently in many organic chemistry reactions, particularly in substitutions with hydrogen. The gas acts as an irritant for respiratory and other mucous membranes. The liquid form will burn the skin. Humans can smell as low an amount as 3.5 ppm. A few breaths at a concentration of 1000 ppm is usually fatal.
Uses: Chlorine is used in many everyday products. It is used for disinfecting drinking water. Chlorine is used in the production of textiles, paper products, dyes, petroleum products, medicines, insecticides, disinfectants, foods, solvents, plastics, paints, and many other products. The element is used to manufacture chlorates, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, and in the extraction of bromine. Chlorine has been used as a chemical warfare agent.
Sources: In nature, chlorine is only found in the combined state, most commonly with sodium as NaCl and in carnallite (KMgCl3•6H2O) and sylvite (KCl). The element is obtained from chlorides by electrolysis or via the action of oxidizing agents.
Element Classification: Halogen
Density (g/cc): 1.56 (@ -33.6°C)
Melting Point (K): 172.2
Boiling Point (K): 238.6
Appearance: greenish-yellow, irritating gas
Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 18.7
Covalent Radius (pm): 99
Ionic Radius: 27 (+7e) 181 (-1e)
Specific Heat (@20°C J/g mol): 0.477 (Cl-Cl)
Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 6.41 (Cl-Cl)
Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 20.41 (Cl-Cl)
Pauling Negativity Number: 3.16
First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 1254.9
Oxidation States: 7, 5, 3, 1, -1
Lattice Structure: Orthorhombic
Lattice Constant (Å): 6.240
References: Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics (18th Ed.)
Ref: C17
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