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Eireland Origins & The People - Reference
Monarchs of Ireland
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Ireland History & Monarchs
EARLY NAMES GIVEN BY OTHER PEOPLES
(Name, Origin, Meaning, Connotation)
HIBERNIA
Latin (a term used by Caesar). "The Land of Ice". It refers to the fact that "Ireland" was covered by ice during a long period of time (the Ice Age).
LERNA
Greek (a term used by Claudius). "The Sleeping Land". It refers to the fact that "Ireland" seemed dormant under the Ice Age.
OGYGIA
Latin (a term used by Plutocrats). "The Ancient Isle". It refers to the fact that "Ireland" was an ancient land.
JUVERNIA
Latin (a term used by Ptolemy). "The Land of Youth". It refers to the fact that "Ireland" seemed new after the Ice Age (as in "Spring", when everything is new).
JUVERNA
Latin (a term used by Solinus). "The Land of Youth". It refers to the fact that "Ireland" seemed new after the Ice Age (as in "Spring", when everything is new).
EARLY NAMES GIVEN BY ITS INHABITANTS
(Name, Origin, Meaning, Connotation)
INIS NA FIDBAGH
Old Irish (pronounced: inish nafveevah). "The Isle of Woods". It refers to the fact that "Ireland" was a land full of trees, especially oaks.
CRIOH NA FUINEDAH
Old Irish (pronounced: creeagh na fwinnayagh). "The Remote Island". It refers to the fact that "Ireland" was far from the European continent.
INIS ELGA
Old Irish (pronounced: inish alga). "The Noble Island". It refers to the fact that "Ireland" is a fertile land.
INIS FAIL
Old Irish (pronounced: inish fawl). "The Land of the Stone of Fate". It refers to the fact that kings in "Ireland" sat/stood on a mythical stone at the time when they were crowned.
MUICH INIS
Old Irish (pronounced: muigh inish). "The Land of Mist" or "the Land of Fog". It refers to the name given by the Milesians to the island of "Ireland".
Later Names given to the Island
(Name, Origin, Meaning, Connotation)
IRIN
"Irin" was used in a Greek poem called: "Argonautics". "The Land of Irin". It refers to the island of "Ireland".
ERINN
"Erinn" or "Erin" is Old Irish. "The Land of Erin". It refers to the island of "Ireland".
ÉIRE
"Éire" or "Erin" is Old Irish. (1.) "The Land of Eiru". "Eiru" was the Queen of King Mac Greni. It also refers to the fact that in "Ireland" every King must have a Queen, because every man or male is complete /happy only when he has a woman or female counterpart. (2.) "Erin" or "Éire" conjures up the magical Queen of the Tuatha de Danann. "Dana" or "Brigid" was the Goddess/Mother of childbirth, poetry, music, creative endeavors, smithing, crafting, metallurgy, animal husbandry, and agriculture.
EIRE-YANN
Greek. It comes from the word: "Keltoi" or "Keltai" or "Galata". "The Keltic People" or "the Celtic People". (1.) It refers to the fact that the "Celts" used to go into battle without clothes (only with their weapons on). "Galata" refers to "Tall and Noble", which described two characteristics of this People. (2.) Old Irish. It comes from the word: "Aryan" or "Aire". "Noble" and "Free". "Aryan" is believed to come from the word: "Aryan", which is "Sanskrit" or "Avestan" or "Vedic", and means: "Noble" or "Lord". "Aryan" refers to what we now know as "Iran", which is believed to come from the mythical "Atlantis" (the island/continent that sank into the ocean after an earthquake). Hence, the word: "Ariana" or "Airyana" refers to "the Land of the Aryans". "Aryan" was used by Hitler for "Racist" purposes. "Aryan" refers to what we now know as the "Proto-Indo-Europeans".
IRLANDA
Old Irish taken from Latin. It comes from the word: "Ir". "The Land of the Tribe of Ir". "Ir" was one of the three sons of Milesius. He died in taking the land and was the first one of his tribe (of Celtic Invaders) to be buried in "Ireland".
IRELAND
Latin. It comes from the word: "Ire. "To Go" or "the Land to Go". (1.) It refers to the fact that the "Celts", after being obliged to leave "Greece" and "Italy", carried out with them some "bags" full of "land", in order to remember those who lived, fought, and died for the land. (2.) "Ireland" refers to the first heroic "Celts" who gave their life for the land.
IRONLAND
Modern English. It comes from the word: "Iron" (a term used by the Author of this work: Mr. Jose Gregorio MONAGAS, who is an Irish descendant). "The Land of the Iron People". (1.) It refers to the fact that the "Irish" have defended their ancient land and their culture from invaders and enemies through time and they have always been successful. (2.) I also use this term to honor my Irish Ancestors who gave origin to the surname "MONAGHAN", which later became "MONAGAS" in Las Palmas in Grand Canaries. (3.) I also use this term to refer to the fact that in "Ireland" the "Celts" used their rich mines of "iron" in order to make "weapons", especially "swords" that were buried for a period of time in order to eliminate any "weakness" through the process of "oxidation".
Early Medieval and Viking Era (800-1166)
The first recorded Viking raid in Irish history occurred in 795 when Vikings from Norway looted the island. Early Viking raids were generally fast-paced and small in scale. These early raids interrupted the golden age of Christian Irish culture and marked the beginning of two centuries of intermittent warfare, with waves of Viking raiders plundering monasteries and towns throughout Ireland. Most of those early raiders came from western Norway.
The Vikings were expert sailors, who travelled in longships, and by the early 840s, had begun to establish settlements along the Irish coasts and to spend the winter months there. Vikings founded settlements in several places; most famously in Dublin. Written accounts from this time (early to mid 840s) show that the Vikings were moving further inland to attack (often using rivers) and then retreating to their coastal headquarters.
In 852 the Vikings landed in Dublin Bay and established a fortress. After several generations a group of mixed Irish and Norse ethnic background arose, the Gall-Gaels, '(Gall being the Old Irish word for foreign).
However, the Vikings never achieved total domination of Ireland, often fighting for and against various Irish kings. The Battle of Clontarf in 1014 began the decline of Viking power in Ireland. However the towns which Vikings had founded continued to flourish, and trade became an important part of the Irish economy.
(Name, Origin, Meaning, Connotation)
HIBERNIA
Latin (a term used by Caesar). "The Land of Ice". It refers to the fact that "Ireland" was covered by ice during a long period of time (the Ice Age).
LERNA
Greek (a term used by Claudius). "The Sleeping Land". It refers to the fact that "Ireland" seemed dormant under the Ice Age.
OGYGIA
Latin (a term used by Plutocrats). "The Ancient Isle". It refers to the fact that "Ireland" was an ancient land.
JUVERNIA
Latin (a term used by Ptolemy). "The Land of Youth". It refers to the fact that "Ireland" seemed new after the Ice Age (as in "Spring", when everything is new).
JUVERNA
Latin (a term used by Solinus). "The Land of Youth". It refers to the fact that "Ireland" seemed new after the Ice Age (as in "Spring", when everything is new).
EARLY NAMES GIVEN BY ITS INHABITANTS
(Name, Origin, Meaning, Connotation)
INIS NA FIDBAGH
Old Irish (pronounced: inish nafveevah). "The Isle of Woods". It refers to the fact that "Ireland" was a land full of trees, especially oaks.
CRIOH NA FUINEDAH
Old Irish (pronounced: creeagh na fwinnayagh). "The Remote Island". It refers to the fact that "Ireland" was far from the European continent.
INIS ELGA
Old Irish (pronounced: inish alga). "The Noble Island". It refers to the fact that "Ireland" is a fertile land.
INIS FAIL
Old Irish (pronounced: inish fawl). "The Land of the Stone of Fate". It refers to the fact that kings in "Ireland" sat/stood on a mythical stone at the time when they were crowned.
MUICH INIS
Old Irish (pronounced: muigh inish). "The Land of Mist" or "the Land of Fog". It refers to the name given by the Milesians to the island of "Ireland".
Later Names given to the Island
(Name, Origin, Meaning, Connotation)
IRIN
"Irin" was used in a Greek poem called: "Argonautics". "The Land of Irin". It refers to the island of "Ireland".
ERINN
"Erinn" or "Erin" is Old Irish. "The Land of Erin". It refers to the island of "Ireland".
ÉIRE
"Éire" or "Erin" is Old Irish. (1.) "The Land of Eiru". "Eiru" was the Queen of King Mac Greni. It also refers to the fact that in "Ireland" every King must have a Queen, because every man or male is complete /happy only when he has a woman or female counterpart. (2.) "Erin" or "Éire" conjures up the magical Queen of the Tuatha de Danann. "Dana" or "Brigid" was the Goddess/Mother of childbirth, poetry, music, creative endeavors, smithing, crafting, metallurgy, animal husbandry, and agriculture.
EIRE-YANN
Greek. It comes from the word: "Keltoi" or "Keltai" or "Galata". "The Keltic People" or "the Celtic People". (1.) It refers to the fact that the "Celts" used to go into battle without clothes (only with their weapons on). "Galata" refers to "Tall and Noble", which described two characteristics of this People. (2.) Old Irish. It comes from the word: "Aryan" or "Aire". "Noble" and "Free". "Aryan" is believed to come from the word: "Aryan", which is "Sanskrit" or "Avestan" or "Vedic", and means: "Noble" or "Lord". "Aryan" refers to what we now know as "Iran", which is believed to come from the mythical "Atlantis" (the island/continent that sank into the ocean after an earthquake). Hence, the word: "Ariana" or "Airyana" refers to "the Land of the Aryans". "Aryan" was used by Hitler for "Racist" purposes. "Aryan" refers to what we now know as the "Proto-Indo-Europeans".
IRLANDA
Old Irish taken from Latin. It comes from the word: "Ir". "The Land of the Tribe of Ir". "Ir" was one of the three sons of Milesius. He died in taking the land and was the first one of his tribe (of Celtic Invaders) to be buried in "Ireland".
IRELAND
Latin. It comes from the word: "Ire. "To Go" or "the Land to Go". (1.) It refers to the fact that the "Celts", after being obliged to leave "Greece" and "Italy", carried out with them some "bags" full of "land", in order to remember those who lived, fought, and died for the land. (2.) "Ireland" refers to the first heroic "Celts" who gave their life for the land.
IRONLAND
Modern English. It comes from the word: "Iron" (a term used by the Author of this work: Mr. Jose Gregorio MONAGAS, who is an Irish descendant). "The Land of the Iron People". (1.) It refers to the fact that the "Irish" have defended their ancient land and their culture from invaders and enemies through time and they have always been successful. (2.) I also use this term to honor my Irish Ancestors who gave origin to the surname "MONAGHAN", which later became "MONAGAS" in Las Palmas in Grand Canaries. (3.) I also use this term to refer to the fact that in "Ireland" the "Celts" used their rich mines of "iron" in order to make "weapons", especially "swords" that were buried for a period of time in order to eliminate any "weakness" through the process of "oxidation".
Early Medieval and Viking Era (800-1166)
The first recorded Viking raid in Irish history occurred in 795 when Vikings from Norway looted the island. Early Viking raids were generally fast-paced and small in scale. These early raids interrupted the golden age of Christian Irish culture and marked the beginning of two centuries of intermittent warfare, with waves of Viking raiders plundering monasteries and towns throughout Ireland. Most of those early raiders came from western Norway.
The Vikings were expert sailors, who travelled in longships, and by the early 840s, had begun to establish settlements along the Irish coasts and to spend the winter months there. Vikings founded settlements in several places; most famously in Dublin. Written accounts from this time (early to mid 840s) show that the Vikings were moving further inland to attack (often using rivers) and then retreating to their coastal headquarters.
In 852 the Vikings landed in Dublin Bay and established a fortress. After several generations a group of mixed Irish and Norse ethnic background arose, the Gall-Gaels, '(Gall being the Old Irish word for foreign).
However, the Vikings never achieved total domination of Ireland, often fighting for and against various Irish kings. The Battle of Clontarf in 1014 began the decline of Viking power in Ireland. However the towns which Vikings had founded continued to flourish, and trade became an important part of the Irish economy.
Viking Settlements in Ireland
In 1800, following the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the British and the Irish parliaments enacted the Acts of Union. The merger created a new political entity called United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with effect from 1 January 1801. Part of the agreement forming the basis of union was that the Test Act would be repealed to remove any remaining discrimination against Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, Baptists and other dissenter religions in the newly United Kingdom. However, King George III, invoking the provisions of the Act of Settlement 1701 controversially and adamantly blocked attempts by Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger . Pitt resigned in protest, but his successor Henry Addington and his new cabinet failed to legislate any repeal or change to the Test Act.
In 1823 an enterprising Catholic lawyer, Daniel O'Connell, known in Ireland as 'The Liberator' began an ultimately successful Irish campaign to achieve emancipation, and to be seated in the Parliament. This culminated in O'Connell's successful election in the Clare by-election, which revived the parliamentary efforts at reform. The Catholic Relief Act 1829 was eventually approved by the U.K. parliament under the leadership of the Dublin-born Prime Minister, the Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. This indefatigable Anglo-Irish statesman, a former Chief Secretary for Ireland, and hero of the Napoleonic Wars , successfully guided the legislation through both houses of Parliament. By threatening to resign, he persuaded King George IV to sign the bill into law in 1829. The continuing obligation of Roman Catholics to fund the established Church of Ireland , however, led to the sporadic skirmishes of the Tithe War of 1831-38. The Church was disestablished by the Gladstone government in 1867. The continuing enactment of parliamentary reform during the ensuing administrations further extended the initially limited franchise. Daniel O'Connell M.P. later led the Repeal Association in an unsuccessful campaign to undo the Act of Union 1800.
The second of Ireland's "Great Famines", An Gorta Mór struck the country during 1845-49, with potato blight, exacerbated by the political and laissez-faire economic factors of the time leading to mass starvation and emigration. (See Great Irish Famine.) The impact of emigration in Ireland was severe; the population dropped from over 8 million before the Famine to 4.4 million in 1911. Gaelic or Irish, once the island's spoken language, declined in use sharply in the nineteenth century as a result of the Famine and the creation of the National School education system, as well as hostility to the language from leading Irish politicians of the time; it was largely replaced by English.
Outside mainstream nationalism, a series of violent rebellions by Irish republicans took place in 1803, under Robert Emmet; in 1848 a rebellion by the Young Irelanders, most prominent among them, Thomas Francis Meagher; and in 1867, another insurrection by the Irish Republican Brotherhood. All failed, but physical force nationalism remained an undercurrent in the nineteenth century.
Irish family evicted at Moyasta, County Clare during Land War, c.1879.
The late 19th century also witnessed major land reform, spearheaded by the Land League under Michael Davitt demanding what became known as the 3 Fs; Fair rent, free sale, fixity of tenure. From 1870 and as a result of the Land War agitations and subsequent Plan of Campaign of the 1880s, various U.K. governments introduced a series of Irish Land Acts . William O'Brien played a leading role in the 1902 Land Conference to pave the way for the most advanced social legislation in Ireland since the Union, the Wyndham Land Purchase Act of 1903. This Act set the conditions for the breakup of large estates and gradually devolved to rural landholders, and tenants' ownership of the lands. It effectively ended the era of the absentee landlord , finally resolving the Irish Land Question.
In the 1870s the issue of Irish self-government again became a major focus of debate under Charles Stewart Parnell, founder of the Irish Parliamentary Party . Prime Minister Gladstone made two unsuccessful attempts to pass Home Rule in 1886 and 1893. Parnell's leadership ended when he was implicated in a controversial divorce scandal. It was revealed that he had been living in family relationship with Katherine O'Shea, the long-separated wife of a fellow Irish MP; he had fathered three children with the woman.
After the introduction of the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 which broke the power of the landlord-dominated "Grand Juries", passing for the first time democratic control of local affairs into the hands of the people through elected Local County Councils, the debate over full Home Rule led to tensions between Irish nationalists and Irish unionists (those who favoured maintenance of the Union). Most of the island was predominantly nationalist, Catholic and agrarian. The northeast, however, was predominantly unionist, Protestant and industrialised. Unionists feared a loss of political power and economic wealth in a predominantly rural, nationalist, Catholic home-rule state. Nationalists believed they would remain economically and politically second-class citizens without self-government. Out of this division, two opposing sectarian movements evolved, the Protestant Orange Order and the Catholic Ancient Order of Hibernians.
In 1823 an enterprising Catholic lawyer, Daniel O'Connell, known in Ireland as 'The Liberator' began an ultimately successful Irish campaign to achieve emancipation, and to be seated in the Parliament. This culminated in O'Connell's successful election in the Clare by-election, which revived the parliamentary efforts at reform. The Catholic Relief Act 1829 was eventually approved by the U.K. parliament under the leadership of the Dublin-born Prime Minister, the Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. This indefatigable Anglo-Irish statesman, a former Chief Secretary for Ireland, and hero of the Napoleonic Wars , successfully guided the legislation through both houses of Parliament. By threatening to resign, he persuaded King George IV to sign the bill into law in 1829. The continuing obligation of Roman Catholics to fund the established Church of Ireland , however, led to the sporadic skirmishes of the Tithe War of 1831-38. The Church was disestablished by the Gladstone government in 1867. The continuing enactment of parliamentary reform during the ensuing administrations further extended the initially limited franchise. Daniel O'Connell M.P. later led the Repeal Association in an unsuccessful campaign to undo the Act of Union 1800.
The second of Ireland's "Great Famines", An Gorta Mór struck the country during 1845-49, with potato blight, exacerbated by the political and laissez-faire economic factors of the time leading to mass starvation and emigration. (See Great Irish Famine.) The impact of emigration in Ireland was severe; the population dropped from over 8 million before the Famine to 4.4 million in 1911. Gaelic or Irish, once the island's spoken language, declined in use sharply in the nineteenth century as a result of the Famine and the creation of the National School education system, as well as hostility to the language from leading Irish politicians of the time; it was largely replaced by English.
Outside mainstream nationalism, a series of violent rebellions by Irish republicans took place in 1803, under Robert Emmet; in 1848 a rebellion by the Young Irelanders, most prominent among them, Thomas Francis Meagher; and in 1867, another insurrection by the Irish Republican Brotherhood. All failed, but physical force nationalism remained an undercurrent in the nineteenth century.
Irish family evicted at Moyasta, County Clare during Land War, c.1879.
The late 19th century also witnessed major land reform, spearheaded by the Land League under Michael Davitt demanding what became known as the 3 Fs; Fair rent, free sale, fixity of tenure. From 1870 and as a result of the Land War agitations and subsequent Plan of Campaign of the 1880s, various U.K. governments introduced a series of Irish Land Acts . William O'Brien played a leading role in the 1902 Land Conference to pave the way for the most advanced social legislation in Ireland since the Union, the Wyndham Land Purchase Act of 1903. This Act set the conditions for the breakup of large estates and gradually devolved to rural landholders, and tenants' ownership of the lands. It effectively ended the era of the absentee landlord , finally resolving the Irish Land Question.
In the 1870s the issue of Irish self-government again became a major focus of debate under Charles Stewart Parnell, founder of the Irish Parliamentary Party . Prime Minister Gladstone made two unsuccessful attempts to pass Home Rule in 1886 and 1893. Parnell's leadership ended when he was implicated in a controversial divorce scandal. It was revealed that he had been living in family relationship with Katherine O'Shea, the long-separated wife of a fellow Irish MP; he had fathered three children with the woman.
After the introduction of the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 which broke the power of the landlord-dominated "Grand Juries", passing for the first time democratic control of local affairs into the hands of the people through elected Local County Councils, the debate over full Home Rule led to tensions between Irish nationalists and Irish unionists (those who favoured maintenance of the Union). Most of the island was predominantly nationalist, Catholic and agrarian. The northeast, however, was predominantly unionist, Protestant and industrialised. Unionists feared a loss of political power and economic wealth in a predominantly rural, nationalist, Catholic home-rule state. Nationalists believed they would remain economically and politically second-class citizens without self-government. Out of this division, two opposing sectarian movements evolved, the Protestant Orange Order and the Catholic Ancient Order of Hibernians.
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