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William I 1066-1087 AD Normans
William spent much of his time (11 years, since 1072) in Normandy, ruling the islands through his writs. Nominally still a vassal state, owing its entire loyalty to the French king, Normandy arose suddenly as a powerful region, alarming the other French dukes who reacted by persistently attacking the duchy. William became focused on conquering Brittany, and the French King Philip I admonished him. A treaty was concluded after his aborted invasion of Brittany in 1076, and William betrothed Constance to the Breton Duke Hoel's son, the future Alan IV of Brittany. The wedding occurred only in 1086, after Alan's accession to the throne, and Constance died childless a few years later.
William's elder son Robert, enraged by a prank of his brothers William and Henry, who had doused him with filthy water, undertook what became a large scale rebellion against his father's rule. Only with King Philip's additional military support was William able to confront Robert, who was then based in Flanders . During the battle of 1079, William was unhorsed and wounded by Robert, who lowered his sword only after recognising him. The embarrassed William returned to Rouen, abandoning the expedition. In 1080, Matilda reconciled both, and William restored Robert's inheritance.
Odo caused trouble for William, too, and was imprisoned in 1082, losing his English estate and all his royal functions, but retaining his religious duties. In 1083, Matilda died, and William became more tyrannical over his realm.
William the Conqueror (1066-1087) continued to mint silver pennies to the same standard and fineness as his Anglo-Saxon predecessors, circa 1.3 gm (22-24 grains). During his reign some 70 mints were in operation at one time or another, some only briefly. It is thought that this was because mints were opened in various towns and cities as the king travelled around the country. During the reign of Henry II the quality both of design and production declined rapidly. Clipping the edges was prevalent and forgery was rife. In addition the moneyers at the mints produced coins that were underweight and used debased silver. The problem was so great the in 1124 Henry summoned all the moneyers to Winchester (at the time the capital of England) to the Assize of Moneyers. Although hefty punishments were meted out, including mutilation, the abuses did not stop.
William spent much of his time (11 years, since 1072) in Normandy, ruling the islands through his writs. Nominally still a vassal state, owing its entire loyalty to the French king, Normandy arose suddenly as a powerful region, alarming the other French dukes who reacted by persistently attacking the duchy. William became focused on conquering Brittany, and the French King Philip I admonished him. A treaty was concluded after his aborted invasion of Brittany in 1076, and William betrothed Constance to the Breton Duke Hoel's son, the future Alan IV of Brittany. The wedding occurred only in 1086, after Alan's accession to the throne, and Constance died childless a few years later.
William's elder son Robert, enraged by a prank of his brothers William and Henry, who had doused him with filthy water, undertook what became a large scale rebellion against his father's rule. Only with King Philip's additional military support was William able to confront Robert, who was then based in Flanders . During the battle of 1079, William was unhorsed and wounded by Robert, who lowered his sword only after recognising him. The embarrassed William returned to Rouen, abandoning the expedition. In 1080, Matilda reconciled both, and William restored Robert's inheritance.
Odo caused trouble for William, too, and was imprisoned in 1082, losing his English estate and all his royal functions, but retaining his religious duties. In 1083, Matilda died, and William became more tyrannical over his realm.
William the Conqueror (1066-1087) continued to mint silver pennies to the same standard and fineness as his Anglo-Saxon predecessors, circa 1.3 gm (22-24 grains). During his reign some 70 mints were in operation at one time or another, some only briefly. It is thought that this was because mints were opened in various towns and cities as the king travelled around the country. During the reign of Henry II the quality both of design and production declined rapidly. Clipping the edges was prevalent and forgery was rife. In addition the moneyers at the mints produced coins that were underweight and used debased silver. The problem was so great the in 1124 Henry summoned all the moneyers to Winchester (at the time the capital of England) to the Assize of Moneyers. Although hefty punishments were meted out, including mutilation, the abuses did not stop.
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