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Hawker Tempest
Maximum speed: 695.24 km/h (432 mph), Maiden flight: 02 Sep 1942, Length: 33.66 ft, Wingspan: 40.98 ft, Passengers: 1, Manufacturers: Hawker Aircraft ยท Hawker Siddeley
Small Aircraft of  - WWII
he Hawker Tempest is a British fighter aircraft primarily used by the Royal Air Force in the Second World War. The Tempest, originally known as the Typhoon II, was an improved derivative of the Hawker Typhoon, intended to address the Typhoon's unexpected fall-off of performance at high altitude by replacing its wing with a thinner laminar flow design. Having diverged considerably from the Typhoon, it was chosen to rename the aircraft Tempest. The Tempest emerged as one of the most powerful fighters of World War II and was the fastest single-engine propeller-driven aircraft of the war at low altitude. The propeller-driven Dornier 335 was even faster, but it had two engines.




Role: Fighter
Manufacturer: Hawker Aircraft Limited
Designer: Sydney Camm
First flight: 2 September 1942
Introduction: January 1944
Status: Retired
Primary users: Royal Air Force
Indian Air Force: Royal New Zealand Air Force: Pakistan Air Force
Number built: 1,702
Developed from: Hawker Typhoon
Developed into: Hawker Sea Fury
List of Hawker Tempest operators
Canada (One Tempest V, acquired postwar for trials.)
India
New Zealand
Pakistan
United Kingdom
General characteristics
Crew: One
Length: 33 ft 8 in (10.26 m)
Wingspan: 41 ft 0 in (12.49 m)
Height: 16 ft 1 in (4.90 m (tail down))
Wing area: 302 ft² (28 m²)
Empty weight: 9,250 lb (4,195 kg)
Loaded weight: 11,400 lb (5,176 kg)
Max. takeoff weight: 13,640 lb (6,190 kg)
Powerplant: 1 × Napier Sabre IIA or IIB or IIC liquid-cooled H-24 sleeve-valve engine:, 2,180 hp (1,625 kW) Sabre IIA at + 9 lb/in² boost at 7,000 ft (2,133 m), 4,000 rpm
Propellers: Four-bladed Rotol or de Havilland propeller

Performance
Maximum speed: 432 mph (695 km/h) Sabre IIA at 18,400 ft (5,608 m), Sabre IIB 435 mph at 19,000 ft (700 km/h at 5,791 m)
Range: 740 mi (1,190 km)
1,530 mi (2,462 km) with 90 gal (409 l) drop tanks
Service ceiling: 36,500 ft (11,125 m)
Rate of climb: 4,700 ft/min (23.9 m/s)
Wing loading: 37.75 lb/ft² (184.86 kg/m²)
Power/mass: 0.21 hp/lb (0.31 kW/kg)

Armament

4 × 20 mm (.79 in) Mark II Hispano cannons, 200 rpg. Later models used Mark V Hispano Cannons.
2 × 500 lb (227 kg) or 1,000 lb (454 kg) bombs
8 × 3 in (76.2 mm) RP-3 rockets (post-Second World War)
Provision for 2 × 45 gal (205 l) or 2 × 90 gal (409 l) drop tanks.
Evolving out of a design study to improve the Hawker Typhoon, which although a successful low altitude interceptor and fighter bomber, it wasn't its intended role which was that of a high altitude interceptor. Initial changes consisted of a thinner wing, due to this a new fuselage tank was need, a Napier Sabre EC. 107C engine and the distinctive radiator under the engine being moved to the wing. The new design, refereed to as Typhoon II, was submitted to the Air Ministry, leading to an order for two prototypes on the 18th November 1941 under Specification F.10/41.

Due to some more, this time, major changes to the aircraft the plane was named the Hawker Tempest in January 1942. With the other planned plane that Hawker were working on, the Tornado, being cancelled the engines were instead used on the two Tempest prototypes, with the Sabre IV engined prototype being named the Tempest I and the Sabre II engined prototype the Mk V. Another four Tempest prototypes were ordered with a Bristol Centaurus IV engine powering two Tempest IIs, and the Rolls Royce Griffon IIB powering two Tempest IIIs, which would later be powered by a Griffon 61 engine, thus becoming Mk IVs. However only one Griffon powered Tempest was made and in the end became one of the prototypes for a future Hawker plane, the Fury, although only the Hawker Sea Fury would see service with the Royal Navy, as the RAF version was cancelled.

As with the Fairey Battle, which was also ordered before the protoype had flown, an order was placed by the Air Ministry, for the Tempest I, before any prototypes had flow, although the order would be transferred to other Tempest Mks, The prototype Mk I flew for the first time on the 23rd February 1943, without the 'chin' that featured on the Typhoon, despite reaching a maximum speed of 466 mph, whilst the Sabre IV's supercharger was in high gear, the Hawker Tempest I was dropped due to problems with the engine program.

The Tempest V was the first prototype version to fly on the 2nd September 1942 piloted by Philip Lucas, this version retaining the chin radiator of its predecessor the Typhoon. With the first production version flown on the 21st June 1943, the initial hundred Tempest Mk V's had four 20-mm cannons, which protruded from the wing, the rest would have their short barrelled cannons contained in the wing. One Mk V had a similar armament installation to the Hawker Hurricane IID with four cannons and a 40 mm 'P' gun, and some were converted to TT.5 target tugs after the end of hostilities.

It was the Tempest V which was the first to be put into RAF service when fifty were delivered to Newchurch, Kent during April 1944. It was also to form the first Tempest wing within No. 85 group, and was under the command of Wing Commander R.P. Beaumont, DSO, DFC, who would also fly the leading plane on the 8th June 1946 in the Victory Fly Past over London. The squadrons in the wing were Nos 3 and 486 Royal New Zeland Airforce, and in June 1944 was joined by No. 56 Squadron. As the build up to D-Day intensified the wing played an active role, but some Tempests were later re-assigned to help combat the V-1 flying bomb, when the first one fell on the 13th June 1944. The Tempest was to prove successful in this role as they shot down 481.5 out of the 1,847 V-1s destroyed by Allied fighters, equating to 26%. Other Hawker Tempest V's flew patrols to help support ground troops, and as progress was made, moved to airfireds in France and Belgium, they also engaged the Luftwaffe's jet fighter the Messerschmitt Me 262, and by VE Day had destroyed 20.

The Hawker Tempest II powered by a Bristol Centaurus Mk IV engine made it's first flight on the 28th June 1943, just 7 days after the first production Mk V had flown. When the Mk II was put into production it was powered by the Centaurus Mk V engine. However the Mk II arrived to late to serve in the Second World War arriving in November 1945, No. 54 Squadron at Chilbolton was the only home based squardon equipped with the type. Although other Mk IIs served in Germany, Hong Kong, India and Malaya, and it remained in operation in the Middle East until de Havilland Vampires replaced them in 1949.

The last production version was the Hawker Tempest Mk F.VI powered by the Napier Sabre V engine, these planes were tropicalised for service in the Middle East, whilst some were converted to TT.6 target tugs, like the MK II the Mk VI was also to late to see service in World War 2, although was later was used by Squadrons in Germany and the Middle East. By the time production had ended 1,702 Tempests had been built.
MK V
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