Modern-Aviation

The Nakajima B5N series of torpedo bombers originating from Japan were considered the best of their type anywhere in the world by the time of the American entry into the conflict during late-1941. The aircraft saw development against an Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) requirement in 1935 and a first-flight followed in January of 1937. It was in operational service at the outbreak of World War 2 (1939-1945) and was one of the more crucial and effective aircraft deployed by the Japanese Navy in its various attacks - including the assault on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii in December of 1941. The B5N was produced across 1,149 examples and saw service through most of the global conflict.

Katsuji Nakamura’s design team at Nakajima created a beautifully clean low-wing monoplane with a hydraulically-operated retracting undercarriage. The large wing folded upwards, and the hinging points were so arranged that the wingtips overlapped one another when folded above the cockpit. When compared to the large wing, the fuselage seemed oddly small, but it was kept relatively short at 33 ft. 9 ½ in. to fit on the Navy’s standard carrier elevators. Other innovations on the Type K, as the company named its creation, were Fowler flaps and a variable-pitch propeller. Powered by the Nakajima Hikari 2 nine-cylinder radial engine, the prototype, given the official designation B5N1, first flew in January 1937. Hydraulic-system difficulties marred the initial flight tests, but the troubles were soon fixed, and the JNAF was particularly pleased with the B5N1’s speed, which at 230 mph exceeded the requirement by a comfortable margin.

The aircraft's general arrangement was conventional for the period and fitted the single air-cooled radial engine in the nose. The wing mainplanes were low-mounted along the fuselage sides and fitted slight ahead of midships. The tail used a single vertical plane with two low-mounted horizontal planes. The crew of three - pilot, bombardier-navigator, and rear machine gunner - were seated in line under a long-running "greenhouse-style" canopy. The main legs of the undercarriage were retractable and the tail wheel stayed exposed during flight.

But they were worried that the many technical innovations being introduced by the new aircraft would make it excessively hard to maintain under operational conditions. Nakajima accordingly simplified the second prototype, changing the Fowler flaps to more conventional types and replacing the hydraulic wing-folding mechanism with a manual one. It also had a newer Hikari 3 engine with a constant-speed propeller-the first ever fitted to a production Japanese naval plane of any type-and integral wing fuel tanks with increased capacity. In this form the B5N1 easily won the competition with Mitsubishi’s B5M1, and it went into production in November of 1937 as the Navy Type 97 Carrier Attack Bomber Model 11 (B5N1 Model 11).

Carrier qualification trials were carried out at the same time the new bomber was flying its first combat missions in China in the spring of 1938. Armed with bombs, the B5N1 was used as a single-engined level bomber, in a fashion similar to a twin-engined machine. The observer, who was seated between the pilot and the rear gunner/radio operator, was also the bombardier during these missions; he would aim the bombs using a pair of small folding doors in the floor of the fuselage to see his target. Covered by A5M fighters, the B5N1 was a success despite its lack of protection for the crew and fuel and its modest defensive armament of a single 7.7mm machine gun. No major modifications were necessary for China operations, and the only minor change made was to add a mast antenna to replace the trailing antenna. But the JNAF was aware that there would be other opponents than the Chinese, and so in 1939 they instructed Nakajima to develop a better-performing variant of the B5N1.

The B5N2 Model 12, or Type 97 Carrier Attack Bomber Model 12, first flew in December 1939; it was externally similar to the older variant aside from its engine, a Nakajima Sakae 11 fourteen-cylinder radial. A tighter-fitting cowling was used, to improve pilot view and reduce drag, and a small hub was fitted to the propeller to further reduce drag and improve the engine cooling. Oddly the B5N2 was not much faster than the B5N1 in spite of the 36% increase in power, but the Navy was pleased, as the Sakae was more reliable than the Hikari, and the B5N2 would fly most of its missions over long stretches of water.

The B5N was powered by a single in-house Nakajima radial piston engine - B5N1 models were given "Hikari" radials while B5N2s carried "Sakae 11" radials of 1,000. The B5N2 managed a maximum speed of 235 miles-per-hour, ranged out to 1,240 miles, and could reach a service ceiling of 27,100 feet.

Armament consisted of a single 7.7mm Type 92 machine gun set on a trainable mounting at the rear gunner's position. Some B5N1 models were equipped with 2 x 7.7mm Type 97 machine guns in the wings for a broader frontal "punch". For offensive work, the aircraft was cleared to carry a single Type 91 torpedo of 1,760lb or, in its place, 2 x 550lb bombs along with 6 x 295lb bombs for conventional bombing sorties.

The initial B5N form became the "Type K" prototype of 1937 and this was followed in 1938 by combat-quality B5N1 production models. The B5N1-K designation was used to signify B5N1s converted for the training role. The improved B5N2 - with more powerful Sakae engines and smaller cowlings - appeared in 1939 and marked the final production form.

Initial combat actions placed the B5N over China and these were used both as carrier-based attackers and land-based warplanes. The aircraft was quick to earn the respect of the world with its striking ability and accuracy and made up a portion of the Japanese attack force used at Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941. At least 144 B5N2 aircraft took part in the assault. The aircraft would find future successes at Coral Sea, Midway, and over the Santa Cruz Islands in the campaigns that followed - destroying many Allied vessels across the Pacific Theater and credited with the sinking of the important American aircraft carriers USS Hornet, USS Lexington, and the USS Yorktown.

When the Pacific War exploded in all its fury on December 7, 1941, the Nakajima B5N2 carrier torpedo bomber was the best in service with any of the world’s navies. One hundred and forty-four aircraft of this type participated in the Pearl Harbor attack as torpedo and level bombers, and they crippled the American Pacific Fleet’s battleship force. During the following twelve months, carrier-based B5N2s were to participate in sinking three American aircraft carriers, while land- and carrier-based B5N2s supported Japanese amphibious landings on all fronts. But by 1944, the Kate, as it was code-named by the Allies, was plainly obsolete, and so it finished out the war in second-line units, mainly as an anti-submarine patrol plane.

The Japanese Navy never regarded its B4Y1 biplane torpedo bomber (a contemporary of the essentially similar Fairey Swordfish) as anything other than a stop-gap type, because they wanted a monoplane torpedo bomber with performance more compatible with that of the Mitsubishi A5M carrier fighter (which see). They issued, in 1935, a specification calling for a single-engined monoplane “carrier attack bomber” (as the Japanese termed torpedo bombers). The requirements called for: (1) a wingspan of less than 52 ½ ft. with provision for hydraulic wing folding to reduce the plane’s span to no more than 24 ft. 7 9/32 in.; (2) an armament of one 1,764-lb. torpedo and a single rearward-firing 7.7mm machine gun for protection; (3) a maximum speed of 207 mph at 6,560 ft.; (4) a normal endurance of 4 hours or a maximum of 7 hours at 155 mph; (5) a normal crew of three; and (6) either a Nakajima Hikari or Mitsubishi Kinsei radial engine.

Once Allied pilots became combat-tested and handed much improved fighters, the B5N's inherent deficiencies shown through - they were weakly-armed defensively, poorly protected overall, and suffered from weight issues when carrying their potent war loads. This meant that those unlocky enough to find themselves in the crosshairs of Allied gunners could very easily fall prey. As such, losses began to mount and the last major engagements involving B5N aircraft were recorded over the Philippine Islands during 1944. The series was being phased out towards the end of the war but active aircraft - due to their still-excellent operational ranges - were used in non-direct-combat roles such as anti-ship, reconnaissance, and maritime patrol sorties. Some were featured as Kamikaze attackers leading up to the war's final months.

By the time of the Pearl Harbor attack, the B5N2 had totally replaced the B5N1 in all front-line units, both land- and carrier-based. Commander Mitsuo Fuchida was the aerial commander for the Hawaiian Operation; he flew in a B5N2 as observer/bombardier, and was also lead bombardier of the 49 Kates used as level bombers in the first wave. All of the B5N2 level bombers carried a single 1,653-lb. bomb made from a remanufactured armour-piercing shell. The 40 planes earmarked for the actual torpedo attack were led by Lt. Cdr. Shigeharu Mutara, considered the finest torpedo bomber pilot in the Imperial Navy if not the world. His planes were carrying a specially modified torpedo for use in shallow harbours like Pearl; the idea had been gleaned from study of the British attack on Taranto, Italy, in December 1940, where Swordfish torpedo bombers had sunk or crippled a number of Italian battleships. Stupidly, the United States had ignored the lessons of Taranto, and had disdained using torpedo nets at Pearl; they paid heavily for their neglect. Between the high-level bombers and the torpedo planes, the US Navy lost two battleships sunk outright, three more sunk but recoverable with difficulty, and three damaged heavily (the Pennsylvania, in dry dock, was damaged by dive bombers and strafing fighters).

But that did not end the B5N2’s career. In the furious carrier battles of 1942, the Nakajima torpedo bomber played a prominent role in sinking the American carriers Lexington, Yorktown, and Hornet. But in all those battles losses were very heavy; Lt. Cdr. Murata, for example, was killed in the Battle of Santa Cruz, shot down by US Navy fighter ace Lt. (j.g.) Stanley “Swede” Vejtasa. Murata was just one of seven kills Vejtasa scored that day, October 26, 1942 (in 1969, Vejtasa, as a captain, was commander of Miramar NAS, and was one of the founders of the “Top Gun” training program).

The Kate did most of its later combat flying from land installations, figuring prominently in the Solomons, Marianas, and Philippines campaigns. Its last carrier-based engagement was the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944. Insufficient performance, and poor crew and fuel-tank protection, contributed to staggering losses in all these campaigns, and so the Kate was relegated to second line and training units by the end of 1944. But the B5N2 found a new lease on life because it still had excellent long range endurance; it was used for maritime reconnaissance and anti-submarine patrol, in areas where Allied fighters were unlikely to be encountered. The B5N2 gave Japanese convoys desperately needed escort against the depredations of Allied submarines. Some B5N2s were fitted with a primitive form of ASV (Air-to-Surface-Vessel) radar, with antennas fitted along the rear fuselage sides and the wing leading edges, and others were given Jikitanchiki magnetic airborne submarine detection gear. The most war-weary B5N2s joined B5N1s in service as trainers, target-tugs, and even tow planes for gliders.

One thousand, one hundred and forty-nine B5Ns were built, 669 by the parent company Nakajima between 1936 and 1941, 200 by Aichi in 1942-43, and 280 by the Naval Air Arsenal at Hiro in 1942-43. The B5N Kate enjoyed a brief status as the finest torpedo bomber in the world, and helped bring Japan to its pinnacle as an Empire; but eventually, its increasingly poor performance and protection left it outclassed, and it finished its operational life as a supernumerary, a spear-holder, as it were.

The Nakajma B6N "Jill" (detailed elsewhere on this site) became the B5N's direct successor and appeared in August of 1943. It was produced to the tune of 1,268 examples and managed its own wartime combat record.